Forestry Mains Syllabus

Forestry Mains Syllabus

The JPSC Assistant Conservator of Forest Examination Mains syllabus for Forestry subjects includes:

FORESTRY

PAPER-1

Section-A

1. Silviculture – General: General Silvicultural Principles: ecological and physiological factors influencing vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques -nursery beds, polybags and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings; special approaches; establishment and tending.
2. Silviculture – systems: Clear felling, uniform shelterwood selection, coppice, and conversion systems. Management of silviculture systems of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical, dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with special reference to plantation silviculture, choice of species, establishment and management of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive mechanized methods, aerial seeding thinning.
3. Silviculture – Mangrove and Cold desert: Mangrove: habitat and characteristics, mangrove, plantation-establishment and rehabilitation of degraded mangrove formations; silvicultural systems for mangrove; protection of habitats against natural disasters. Cold desert – Characteristics, identification, and management of species.
4. Silviculture of trees: Traditional and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research and practices. Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzialebbeck, Albizziaprocera, AnthocephalusCadamba, Anogeissuslatifolia, Azadirachtaindica, Bamboo spp, Buteamonosperma, Cassia siamea, Casuarinaequisetifolia, Cedrusdeodara, Chukrasiatabularis,
   Dalbergiasisoo, Dipterocarpus spp., Emblicaofficindils, Eucalyptus spp, GmelinaArborea, Hardwickiabinata, LargerstroemiaLanceolata, Pinusroxburghi, Populusspp, Pterocarpusmarsupium, Prosopisjuliflora, Santalum album, Semecarpusanacardium,. Shorearobusta, Salmaliamalabaricum, Tectonagrandis, Terminalistomemtosa, Tamarindusindica.

Section-B

1. Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management, and Tribology: Agroforestry – scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and ecosystem preservation including ecological balances through pest-predator relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing biodiversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna. Agroforestry systems under different agroecological zones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension needs. Social/Urban Forestry: objectives, scope and necessity; people participation. JFM – principles, objectives, methodology, scope, benefits and role of NGOs. Tribology – tribal scene in India; tribes, the concept of races, principles of social grouping, stages of tribal economy, education, cultural tradition, customs, ethos and participation in forestry programmes.
2. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation, and Watershed Management: Forests Soils: classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil conservation – definition, causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, windbreaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, waterlogged and other wastelands. Role of Forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and build-up of soil organic matter, provision of loppings for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of microorganisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM. Watershed Management – concepts of the watershed; the role of mini-forests and forest trees in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide controls, rehabilitation of degraded areas; hilly and mountain areas; watershed management and environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and conservation; groundwater recharge and watershed management; the role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3. Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity: Environment- components and importance, principles of conservation, the impact of deforestation; forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects, population growth on the environment. Pollution – types, global warming, greenhouse effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water, and noise pollution. Environmental policy and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of watershed development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.
4. Tree Improvement and Seed Technology: General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost-benefit ratio, economic evaluation.

PAPER-2

Section-A

1. Forest Management and Management Systems: Objective and principles; techniques; stand structure and dynamics, sustained yield relation; rotation, normal forest, growing stock; regulation of yield; management of forest plantations, commercial forests, forest cover monitoring. Approaches viz., (i) site-specific planning, (ii) strategic planning, (iii) Approval, sanction and expenditure, (iv) Monitoring (v) Reporting and governance. Details of steps involved such as the formation of Village Forest Committees, and Joint Forest Participatory Management.
2. Forest Working Plan: Forest planning, evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development; working plans and working schemes, their role in nature conservation, bio-diversity and other dimensions; preparation and control. Divisional Working Plans, Annual Plan of Operations.
3. Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing: Methods of measuring – diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form factor; volume estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation; yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote sensing; Geographic Information Systems for management and modeling.
4. Surveying and Forest Engineering: Forest surveying – different methods of surveying, maps and map reading. Basic principles of forest engineering.Building materials and construction.Roads and Bridges; General principles, objects, types, simple design and construction of timber bridges.

Section-B

1. Forest Ecology and Ethnobotany: Forest ecology – Biotic and abiotic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations; dendrology, taxonomic classification, principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta.Conservation of forest ecosystems. Clonal parks, Role of Ethnobotany in Indian Systems of Medicine; Ayurveda and Unani – Introduction, nomenclature, habitat, distribution and botanical features of medicinal and aromatic plants. Factors affecting the action and toxicity of drug plants and their chemical constituents
2. Forest Resources and Utilization: Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction techniques and principles, the transportation system, storage and sale; Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboo, medicinal plants, charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves, collection; processing and disposal. Need and importance of wood seasoning and reservation; general principles of seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heating and electrical kilns. Composite wood; adhesives-manufacture, properties, uses, plywood manufacture-properties, uses, fibre boardsmanufacture properties, uses; particle boards manufacture; properties use. Present status of composite wood industry in India in future expansion plans. Pulp-paper and rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of plantation wood; problems and possibilities. The anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification – general principles.
3. Forest Protection &Wildlife Biology: Injuries to forest – abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control.General forest protection against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters.Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation and control.
4. Forest Economics and Legislation: Forest economics: fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market and changes in production and consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; the role of private sector and co-operatives; the role of corporate financing. Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of forest goods and service.Legislation-History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and National Forest Policy, 1988 of People’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, Involvement of women; Forestry Policies and issues related to land use, timber and non-timber products, sustainable forest management; industrialization policies; institutional and structural changes. Decentralization and Forestry Public Administration. Forest laws, necessity; general principles, Indian Forest Act 1927; Forest Conservation Act, 1980; Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and their amendments; Application of Indian Penal Code to Forestry. Scope and objectives of Forest Inventory.